https://ency.feqhemoaser.com/en/history/Mirza_Mohammad-Hossein_Gharavi_Na%27ini?feed=atomMirza Mohammad-Hossein Gharavi Na'ini - Revision history2026-05-28T02:49:40ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.43.0https://ency.feqhemoaser.com/en/index.php?title=Mirza_Mohammad-Hossein_Gharavi_Na%27ini&diff=2061&oldid=prevEnadmin: /* References */2026-03-29T19:47:04Z<p><span class="autocomment">References</span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{References}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{References}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Amin, Sayyid Muhsin, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*</del>A'yan al-Shi'a<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*</del>, Beirut: Dar al-Ta'aruf li-l-Matbu'at, 1406 AH.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Amin, Sayyid Muhsin, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>A'yan al-Shi'a<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>, Beirut: Dar al-Ta'aruf li-l-Matbu'at, 1406 AH.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Aqa Bozorg Tehrani, Mohammad-Mohsen, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*Tabaqat </del>A'lam al-Shi'a (Nuqaba' al-Bashar fi al-Qarn al-Rabi' 'Ashar)<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*</del>, Mashhad: Dar al-Murtada, 1404 AH.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Aqa Bozorg Tehrani, Mohammad-Mohsen, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">T'''abaqat </ins>A'lam al-Shi'a (Nuqaba' al-Bashar fi al-Qarn al-Rabi' 'Ashar)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>, Mashhad: Dar al-Murtada, 1404 AH.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*Hamaseh</del>-ye <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Fatwa* </del>[The <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Epic </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the Fatwa</del>], <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">special issue of the Jomhouri</del>-e <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Eslami newspaper on the centenary of the death of Mirza Shirazi, 1991</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">interview with Ayatollah Sayyid Razi Shirazi</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Feirahi, Davoud, '''Astaneh</ins>-ye <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tajaddod''' </ins>[The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Threshold </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Modernity</ins>], <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tehran: Nashr</ins>-e <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ney</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2015</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Na'ini</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mohammad-Hossein</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*Tanbih al</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ummah wa Tanzih al-Millah*, edited by Sayyid Javad Vara</del>'<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">i</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Qom</del>: <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bustan</del>-e <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ketab</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2003</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Feirahi</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Davoud</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Fiqh va Siyasat dar Iran</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e Mo'aser''</ins>' <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[Jurisprudence and Politics in Contemporary Iran]</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tehran</ins>: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Nashr</ins>-e <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ney</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2013</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Haeri, Abdolhadi, *Tashayyu' va Mashrutiyyat dar Iran va Naqsh-e Iranian-e Moqim-e 'Iraq* [Shi'ism and Constitutionalism in Iran and the Role of Iranians Residing in Iraq], Tehran: Amir Kabir Publications, 1985.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Haeri, Abdolhadi, *Tashayyu' va Mashrutiyyat dar Iran va Naqsh-e Iranian-e Moqim-e 'Iraq* [Shi'ism and Constitutionalism in Iran and the Role of Iranians Residing in Iraq], Tehran: Amir Kabir Publications, 1985.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Firahi, Davoud, *Fiqh va Siyasat dar Iran</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e Mo</del>'<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">aser* </del>[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Jurisprudence and Politics in Contemporary Iran</del>], <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tehran: Nashr</del>-e <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ney</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2013</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Hamaseh</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ye Fatwa''</ins>' [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Epic of the Fatwa</ins>], <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">special issue of the Jomhouri</ins>-e <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Eslami newspaper on the centenary of the death of Mirza Shirazi, 1991</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">interview with Ayatollah Sayyid Razi Shirazi</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Firahi</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Davoud</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*Astaneh</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ye Tajaddod* [The Threshold of Modernity]</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tehran</del>: Nashr-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e Ney</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2015</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Khoei</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Abul-Qasim</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Misbah al-Fiqahah''', reported by Mohammad</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ali Tawhidi</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Qom</ins>: Nashr <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">al</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Fiqahah</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1420 AH</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Montazeri, Hossein-Ali, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*</del>Mabani-ye Fiqhi-ye Hukumat-e Islami<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* </del>[The Jurisprudential Foundations of Islamic Government], translated by Mahmoud Salavati and Abolfazl Shakouri, Qom: Kayhan Institute, 1409 AH.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Montazeri, Hossein-Ali, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Mabani-ye Fiqhi-ye Hukumat-e Islami<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>[The Jurisprudential Foundations of Islamic Government], translated by Mahmoud Salavati and Abolfazl Shakouri, Qom: Kayhan Institute, 1409 AH.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Vara</del>'<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">i</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sayyid Javad</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*Pazhuheshi dar Andisheh</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ye Siyasi</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ye Na</del>'<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ini* [A Study in the Political Thought of Na</del>'<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ini]</del>, Qom: <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Scientific Research Center of the Secretariat of the Assembly of Experts</del>, 2003.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Na</ins>'<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ini</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mohammad-Hossein</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Tanbih al</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ummah wa Tanzih al</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Millah''</ins>'<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, edited by Sayyid Javad Vara</ins>'<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">i</ins>, Qom: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bustan-e Ketab</ins>, 2003.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Najafi Khwansari, Musa, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*</del>Munyat al-Talib<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*</del>, Qom: Mu'assasah-ye Nashr-e Islami, 1418 AH.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Najafi Khwansari, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Musa, Munyat al-Talib<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>, Qom: Mu'assasah-ye Nashr-e Islami, 1418 AH.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Khoei</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Abul-Qasim</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*Misbah al</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Fiqahah*, reported by Mohammad</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ali Tawhidi</del>, Qom: <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Nashr al-Fiqahah</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1420 AH</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Vara'i</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sayyid Javad</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Pazhuheshi dar Andisheh</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ye Siyasi</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ye Na'ini''' [A Study in the Political Thought of Na'ini]</ins>, Qom: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Scientific Research Center of the Secretariat of the Assembly of Experts</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2003</ins>.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Enadminhttps://ency.feqhemoaser.com/en/index.php?title=Mirza_Mohammad-Hossein_Gharavi_Na%27ini&diff=1860&oldid=prevSarfipour at 13:41, 7 March 20262026-03-07T13:41:56Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Abstract ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Abstract ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Mohammad-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Husayn </del>Gharavi Na'ini''' (in persian: [[:fa:محمدحسین_غروی_نائینی|محمدحسین غروی نائینی]]) (1276-1355 AH), known as Mirza Na'ini, was a Shia jurist and Marja' al-Taqlid (source of emulation) in the contemporary era (14th century AH) and one of the clerical supporters of the Constitutional Revolution in Iran. The importance of Mirza Na'ini lies in his jurisprudential and principled innovations, and especially in his composition of the treatise [[Tanbih al-Ummah wa Tanzih al-Millah]] (The Admonition to the Nation and the Purification of the Creed), which established the "Jurisprudence of Constitutionalism" (fiqh al-mashrutah).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mirza </ins>Mohammad-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Hossein </ins>Gharavi Na'ini''' (in persian: [[:fa:محمدحسین_غروی_نائینی|محمدحسین غروی نائینی]]) (1276-1355 AH), known as Mirza Na'ini, was a Shia jurist and Marja' al-Taqlid (source of emulation) in the contemporary era (14th century AH) and one of the clerical supporters of the Constitutional Revolution in Iran. The importance of Mirza Na'ini lies in his jurisprudential and principled innovations, and especially in his composition of the treatise [[Tanbih al-Ummah wa Tanzih al-Millah]] (The Admonition to the Nation and the Purification of the Creed), which established the "Jurisprudence of Constitutionalism" (fiqh al-mashrutah).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The authority of reason and the [[practice of the wise]] (sirat al-'uqala), the distinction between religious innovation (bid'ah) and novel creation (badi'), and the division of rulings into stipulated (mansus) and non-stipulated domains are among the intellectual foundations and principles of Mirza Na'ini that had a great impact on the formulation of his ideas. A jurisprudential and principled defense of constitutional government and its indicators such as [[legislation]], the National Consultative Assembly, freedom and [[equality]], [[separation of powers]], and [[majority rule]], as well as the belief in the general guardianship of jurists, are among his ideas in contemporary jurisprudence that influenced the thought of later jurists such as [[Sayyid Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The authority of reason and the [[practice of the wise]] (sirat al-'uqala), the distinction between religious innovation (bid'ah) and novel creation (badi'), and the division of rulings into stipulated (mansus) and non-stipulated domains are among the intellectual foundations and principles of Mirza Na'ini that had a great impact on the formulation of his ideas. A jurisprudential and principled defense of constitutional government and its indicators such as [[legislation]], the National Consultative Assembly, freedom and [[equality]], [[separation of powers]], and [[majority rule]], as well as the belief in the general guardianship of jurists, are among his ideas in contemporary jurisprudence that influenced the thought of later jurists such as [[Sayyid Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini]].</div></td></tr>
</table>Sarfipourhttps://ency.feqhemoaser.com/en/index.php?title=Mirza_Mohammad-Hossein_Gharavi_Na%27ini&diff=1323&oldid=prevSarfipour at 18:00, 16 December 20252025-12-16T18:00:01Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | reputation = </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | reputation = </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | name = Mohammad-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Hossein </del>Gharavi Na'ini</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | name = Mohammad-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Husayn </ins>Gharavi Na'ini</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | birth = 1276 AH (c. 1860 CE)</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | birth = 1276 AH (c. 1860 CE)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | demise = 1355 AH (c. 1936 CE)</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | demise = 1355 AH (c. 1936 CE)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | image = Ayatollah Mirza Hussain Naini.jpg</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | image = Ayatollah Mirza Hussain Naini.jpg</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | image size = </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | image size = <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">220px</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | caption = </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | caption = </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | position = Marja' al-Taqlid, a leader of the Constitutional Revolution</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | position = Marja' al-Taqlid, a leader of the Constitutional Revolution</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | opinions = Jurisprudential and principled defense of constitutional government, general guardianship of the jurists</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | opinions = Jurisprudential and principled defense of constitutional government, general guardianship of the jurists</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | professors = <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mirza </del>Shirazi, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mohammad-Kazem Khorasani</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | professors = <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Muhammad Hasan </ins>Shirazi<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Muhammad Kazim Khurasani]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | students = [[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Abul</del>-Qasim Khoei]], <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mohammad-</del>Ali <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Kazemi</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> | students = [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Abu al</ins>-Qasim <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">al-</ins>Khoei]], <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Muhammad </ins>Ali <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Kazimi]]</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Sarfipourhttps://ency.feqhemoaser.com/en/index.php?title=Mirza_Mohammad-Hossein_Gharavi_Na%27ini&diff=1322&oldid=prevSarfipour at 17:56, 16 December 20252025-12-16T17:56:59Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Distinction between Bid'ah and Badi'===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Distinction between Bid'ah and Badi'===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The distinction between the two terms bid'ah (heretical innovation) and badi' (novel creation) in Na'ini's thought created a path for legitimizing the formulation of law in the National Consultative Assembly. In Na'ini's belief, not everything new and novel can be called bid'ah and forbidden legislation; rather, bid'ah is to present something not established by the Shari'a as something established by the Shari'a and divine. In contrast to bid'ah, Na'ini uses the term badi', according to which any obligation or commitment without being associated with the title of something established by the Shari'a and divine will not fall within the circle of bid'ah and will be specifically excluded from this title.<ref>Na'ini, *Tanbih al-Ummah*, 2003, p. 107.</ref> According to Firahi, Na'ini presented this discussion in opposition to the thought of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri</del>, because by extending the bid'ah intended by Nouri to all novel and emergent matters in Islamic society, the society would suffer from disruption and hardship in the rational and normal system of life.<ref>Firahi, *Astaneh-ye Tajaddod*, 2015, p. 323.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The distinction between the two terms bid'ah (heretical innovation) and badi' (novel creation) in Na'ini's thought created a path for legitimizing the formulation of law in the National Consultative Assembly. In Na'ini's belief, not everything new and novel can be called bid'ah and forbidden legislation; rather, bid'ah is to present something not established by the Shari'a as something established by the Shari'a and divine. In contrast to bid'ah, Na'ini uses the term badi', according to which any obligation or commitment without being associated with the title of something established by the Shari'a and divine will not fall within the circle of bid'ah and will be specifically excluded from this title.<ref>Na'ini, *Tanbih al-Ummah*, 2003, p. 107.</ref> According to Firahi, Na'ini presented this discussion in opposition to the thought of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Fazlullah Nuri</ins>, because by extending the bid'ah intended by Nouri to all novel and emergent matters in Islamic society, the society would suffer from disruption and hardship in the rational and normal system of life.<ref>Firahi, *Astaneh-ye Tajaddod*, 2015, p. 323.</ref></div></td></tr>
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</table>Sarfipourhttps://ency.feqhemoaser.com/en/index.php?title=Mirza_Mohammad-Hossein_Gharavi_Na%27ini&diff=1321&oldid=prevSarfipour at 17:56, 16 December 20252025-12-16T17:56:33Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Position and Importance in Contemporary Fiqh ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Position and Importance in Contemporary Fiqh ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The importance and position of Na'ini among contemporary jurists are due to his school of Usul (principles of jurisprudence) and his jurisprudential and principled innovations, to the extent that he has been referred to as the renewer (mujaddid) of the science of Usul.<ref>Vara'i, *Pazhuheshi dar Andisheh-ye Siyasi-ye Na'ini*, 2003, p. 18.</ref> However, Mirza Na'ini's scholarly fame is mostly due to his authoring of the famous treatise [[Tanbih al-Ummah wa Tanzih al-Millah]], which has been considered the first systematic treatise in Shia political thought; a treatise that rose to the theoretical defense of the entirety of constitutional principles and established the legitimacy of a system of government based on law.<ref>Tabataba'i, *Nazariyeh-ye Hukumat-e Qanun dar Iran*, 2007, p. 482.</ref> The establishment of "Fiqh al-Mashrutah" (Jurisprudence of Constitutionalism) as a new chapter in the history of ijtihad and Shia political jurisprudence is considered to be indebted to Na'ini's efforts in the treatise Tanbih al-Ummah.<ref>Firahi, *Fiqh va Siyasat*, 2013, vol. 1, p. 281.</ref> This was a literature that did not remain in the realm of theory and developed a close connection with the constitutional institutions in Iran.<ref>Firahi, *Fiqh va Siyasat dar Iran-e Mo'aser*, 2013, vol. 1, p. 335.</ref> According to [[Hossein-Ali Montazeri|Husayn Ali Montazeri]], a contemporary Shia Marja', Na'ini, in this book, was able to derive and establish new branches of [[governmental jurisprudence]] based on the principles imparted by the Shia Imams.<ref>Montazeri, *Mabani-ye Fiqhi-ye Hukumat-e Islami*, 1409 AH, vol. 1, p. 53.</ref> In the belief of [[Davoud Firahi]], a researcher in the field of political jurisprudence, Tanbih al-Ummah provided the preliminaries for a religious articulation of freedom and [[democracy]] within the Shia school of thought and has a dual importance from the perspective of the relationship between religion and modernity.<ref>Firahi, Davoud, *Astaneh-ye Tajaddod*, 2015, pp. 1-2.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The importance and position of Na'ini among contemporary jurists are due to his school of Usul (principles of jurisprudence) and his jurisprudential and principled innovations, to the extent that he has been referred to as the renewer (mujaddid) of the science of Usul.<ref>Vara'i, *Pazhuheshi dar Andisheh-ye Siyasi-ye Na'ini*, 2003, p. 18.</ref> However, Mirza Na'ini's scholarly fame is mostly due to his authoring of the famous treatise [[Tanbih al-Ummah wa Tanzih al-Millah]], which has been considered the first systematic treatise in Shia political thought; a treatise that rose to the theoretical defense of the entirety of constitutional principles and established the legitimacy of a system of government based on law.<ref>Tabataba'i, *Nazariyeh-ye Hukumat-e Qanun dar Iran*, 2007, p. 482.</ref> The establishment of "Fiqh al-Mashrutah" (Jurisprudence of Constitutionalism) as a new chapter in the history of ijtihad and Shia political jurisprudence is considered to be indebted to Na'ini's efforts in the treatise Tanbih al-Ummah.<ref>Firahi, *Fiqh va Siyasat*, 2013, vol. 1, p. 281.</ref> This was a literature that did not remain in the realm of theory and developed a close connection with the constitutional institutions in Iran.<ref>Firahi, *Fiqh va Siyasat dar Iran-e Mo'aser*, 2013, vol. 1, p. 335.</ref> According to [[Hossein-Ali Montazeri|Husayn Ali Montazeri]], a contemporary Shia Marja', Na'ini, in this book, was able to derive and establish new branches of [[governmental jurisprudence]] based on the principles imparted by the Shia Imams.<ref>Montazeri, *Mabani-ye Fiqhi-ye Hukumat-e Islami*, 1409 AH, vol. 1, p. 53.</ref> In the belief of [[Davoud <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Firahi|Davud </ins>Firahi]], a researcher in the field of political jurisprudence, Tanbih al-Ummah provided the preliminaries for a religious articulation of freedom and [[democracy]] within the Shia school of thought and has a dual importance from the perspective of the relationship between religion and modernity.<ref>Firahi, Davoud, *Astaneh-ye Tajaddod*, 2015, pp. 1-2.</ref></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Works ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Works ===</div></td></tr>
</table>Sarfipourhttps://ency.feqhemoaser.com/en/index.php?title=Mirza_Mohammad-Hossein_Gharavi_Na%27ini&diff=1320&oldid=prevSarfipour at 17:56, 16 December 20252025-12-16T17:56:14Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Position and Importance in Contemporary Fiqh ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Position and Importance in Contemporary Fiqh ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The importance and position of Na'ini among contemporary jurists are due to his school of Usul (principles of jurisprudence) and his jurisprudential and principled innovations, to the extent that he has been referred to as the renewer (mujaddid) of the science of Usul.<ref>Vara'i, *Pazhuheshi dar Andisheh-ye Siyasi-ye Na'ini*, 2003, p. 18.</ref> However, Mirza Na'ini's scholarly fame is mostly due to his authoring of the famous treatise [[Tanbih al-Ummah wa Tanzih al-Millah]], which has been considered the first systematic treatise in Shia political thought; a treatise that rose to the theoretical defense of the entirety of constitutional principles and established the legitimacy of a system of government based on law.<ref>Tabataba'i, *Nazariyeh-ye Hukumat-e Qanun dar Iran*, 2007, p. 482.</ref> The establishment of "Fiqh al-Mashrutah" (Jurisprudence of Constitutionalism) as a new chapter in the history of ijtihad and Shia political jurisprudence is considered to be indebted to Na'ini's efforts in the treatise Tanbih al-Ummah.<ref>Firahi, *Fiqh va Siyasat*, 2013, vol. 1, p. 281.</ref> This was a literature that did not remain in the realm of theory and developed a close connection with the constitutional institutions in Iran.<ref>Firahi, *Fiqh va Siyasat dar Iran-e Mo'aser*, 2013, vol. 1, p. 335.</ref> According to [[Hossein-Ali Montazeri]], a contemporary Shia Marja', Na'ini, in this book, was able to derive and establish new branches of [[governmental jurisprudence]] based on the principles imparted by the Shia Imams.<ref>Montazeri, *Mabani-ye Fiqhi-ye Hukumat-e Islami*, 1409 AH, vol. 1, p. 53.</ref> In the belief of [[Davoud Firahi]], a researcher in the field of political jurisprudence, Tanbih al-Ummah provided the preliminaries for a religious articulation of freedom and [[democracy]] within the Shia school of thought and has a dual importance from the perspective of the relationship between religion and modernity.<ref>Firahi, Davoud, *Astaneh-ye Tajaddod*, 2015, pp. 1-2.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The importance and position of Na'ini among contemporary jurists are due to his school of Usul (principles of jurisprudence) and his jurisprudential and principled innovations, to the extent that he has been referred to as the renewer (mujaddid) of the science of Usul.<ref>Vara'i, *Pazhuheshi dar Andisheh-ye Siyasi-ye Na'ini*, 2003, p. 18.</ref> However, Mirza Na'ini's scholarly fame is mostly due to his authoring of the famous treatise [[Tanbih al-Ummah wa Tanzih al-Millah]], which has been considered the first systematic treatise in Shia political thought; a treatise that rose to the theoretical defense of the entirety of constitutional principles and established the legitimacy of a system of government based on law.<ref>Tabataba'i, *Nazariyeh-ye Hukumat-e Qanun dar Iran*, 2007, p. 482.</ref> The establishment of "Fiqh al-Mashrutah" (Jurisprudence of Constitutionalism) as a new chapter in the history of ijtihad and Shia political jurisprudence is considered to be indebted to Na'ini's efforts in the treatise Tanbih al-Ummah.<ref>Firahi, *Fiqh va Siyasat*, 2013, vol. 1, p. 281.</ref> This was a literature that did not remain in the realm of theory and developed a close connection with the constitutional institutions in Iran.<ref>Firahi, *Fiqh va Siyasat dar Iran-e Mo'aser*, 2013, vol. 1, p. 335.</ref> According to [[Hossein-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ali Montazeri|Husayn </ins>Ali Montazeri]], a contemporary Shia Marja', Na'ini, in this book, was able to derive and establish new branches of [[governmental jurisprudence]] based on the principles imparted by the Shia Imams.<ref>Montazeri, *Mabani-ye Fiqhi-ye Hukumat-e Islami*, 1409 AH, vol. 1, p. 53.</ref> In the belief of [[Davoud Firahi]], a researcher in the field of political jurisprudence, Tanbih al-Ummah provided the preliminaries for a religious articulation of freedom and [[democracy]] within the Shia school of thought and has a dual importance from the perspective of the relationship between religion and modernity.<ref>Firahi, Davoud, *Astaneh-ye Tajaddod*, 2015, pp. 1-2.</ref></div></td></tr>
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</table>Sarfipourhttps://ency.feqhemoaser.com/en/index.php?title=Mirza_Mohammad-Hossein_Gharavi_Na%27ini&diff=1319&oldid=prevSarfipour at 17:55, 16 December 20252025-12-16T17:55:52Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:55, 16 December 2025</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Introduction and Biography ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Introduction and Biography ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mohammad-Hossein Gharavi Na'ini, known as Mirza Na'ini, was a Shia jurist and Marja' in the 14th century AH and one of the clerical supporters of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution.<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54.</ref> He was born in the city of Na'in into a clerical family and studied under scholars such as Jahangir Khan Qashqa'i, Muhammad Hasan Shirazi, and [[Akhund Khurasani|Muhammad Kazim Khurasani]] in the cities of Isfahan, Samarra, Karbala, and Najaf.<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54; Aqa Bozorg Tehrani, *Tabaqat A'lam al-Shi'a (Nuqaba' al-Bashar...)*, 1404 AH, vol. 2, p. 593.</ref> His political activities included siding with Muhammad Hasan Shirazi in the Tobacco Protest,<ref>Sayyid Razi Shirazi, *Hamaseh-ye Fatwa*, special issue of Jomhouri-e Eslami newspaper.</ref> collaborating with [[Akhund Khurasani|Muhammad Kazim Khurasani]] and Abdullah Mazandarani in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution,<ref>Haeri, *Tashayyu' va Mashrutiyyat*, 1985, pp. 156-157.</ref> and also declaring jihad against the British in Iraq alongside [[Sayyid Abu al-Hasan al-Isfahani]].<ref>Na'ini, *Tanbih al-Ummah wa Tanzih al-Millah*, p. 16; Haeri, *Tashayyu' va Mashrutiyyat*, 1985, pp. 175-178.</ref> After Mohammad-Taqi Shirazi, Na'ini became one of the Shia Marja's along with <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sayyid </del>Abu al-Hasan al-Isfahani.<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54.</ref> He passed away in 1355 AH at the age of 82 in Najaf and was buried in the shrine of Imam Ali (a).<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mohammad-Hossein Gharavi Na'ini, known as Mirza Na'ini, was a Shia jurist and Marja' in the 14th century AH and one of the clerical supporters of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution.<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54.</ref> He was born in the city of Na'in into a clerical family and studied under scholars such as Jahangir Khan Qashqa'i, Muhammad Hasan Shirazi, and [[Akhund Khurasani|Muhammad Kazim Khurasani]] in the cities of Isfahan, Samarra, Karbala, and Najaf.<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54; Aqa Bozorg Tehrani, *Tabaqat A'lam al-Shi'a (Nuqaba' al-Bashar...)*, 1404 AH, vol. 2, p. 593.</ref> His political activities included siding with Muhammad Hasan Shirazi in the Tobacco Protest,<ref>Sayyid Razi Shirazi, *Hamaseh-ye Fatwa*, special issue of Jomhouri-e Eslami newspaper.</ref> collaborating with [[Akhund Khurasani|Muhammad Kazim Khurasani]] and Abdullah Mazandarani in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution,<ref>Haeri, *Tashayyu' va Mashrutiyyat*, 1985, pp. 156-157.</ref> and also declaring jihad against the British in Iraq alongside [[Sayyid <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Abu al-Hasan al-Isfahani|</ins>Abu al-Hasan al-Isfahani]].<ref>Na'ini, *Tanbih al-Ummah wa Tanzih al-Millah*, p. 16; Haeri, *Tashayyu' va Mashrutiyyat*, 1985, pp. 175-178.</ref> After Mohammad-Taqi Shirazi, Na'ini became one of the Shia Marja's along with Abu al-Hasan al-Isfahani.<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54.</ref> He passed away in 1355 AH at the age of 82 in Najaf and was buried in the shrine of Imam Ali (a).<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54.</ref></div></td></tr>
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</table>Sarfipourhttps://ency.feqhemoaser.com/en/index.php?title=Mirza_Mohammad-Hossein_Gharavi_Na%27ini&diff=1318&oldid=prevSarfipour at 17:55, 16 December 20252025-12-16T17:55:29Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Introduction and Biography ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Introduction and Biography ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mohammad-Hossein Gharavi Na'ini, known as Mirza Na'ini, was a Shia jurist and Marja' in the 14th century AH and one of the clerical supporters of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution.<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54.</ref> He was born in the city of Na'in into a clerical family and studied under scholars such as Jahangir Khan Qashqa'i, Muhammad Hasan Shirazi, and [[Akhund Khurasani]] in the cities of Isfahan, Samarra, Karbala, and Najaf.<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54; Aqa Bozorg Tehrani, *Tabaqat A'lam al-Shi'a (Nuqaba' al-Bashar...)*, 1404 AH, vol. 2, p. 593.</ref> His political activities included siding with Muhammad Hasan Shirazi in the Tobacco Protest,<ref>Sayyid Razi Shirazi, *Hamaseh-ye Fatwa*, special issue of Jomhouri-e Eslami newspaper.</ref> collaborating with [[Akhund Khurasani]] and Abdullah Mazandarani in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution,<ref>Haeri, *Tashayyu' va Mashrutiyyat*, 1985, pp. 156-157.</ref> and also declaring jihad against the British in Iraq alongside [[Sayyid Abu al-Hasan al-Isfahani]].<ref>Na'ini, *Tanbih al-Ummah wa Tanzih al-Millah*, p. 16; Haeri, *Tashayyu' va Mashrutiyyat*, 1985, pp. 175-178.</ref> After Mohammad-Taqi Shirazi, Na'ini became one of the Shia Marja's along with Sayyid Abu al-Hasan al-Isfahani.<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54.</ref> He passed away in 1355 AH at the age of 82 in Najaf and was buried in the shrine of Imam Ali (a).<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mohammad-Hossein Gharavi Na'ini, known as Mirza Na'ini, was a Shia jurist and Marja' in the 14th century AH and one of the clerical supporters of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution.<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54.</ref> He was born in the city of Na'in into a clerical family and studied under scholars such as Jahangir Khan Qashqa'i, Muhammad Hasan Shirazi, and [[Akhund <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Khurasani|Muhammad Kazim </ins>Khurasani]] in the cities of Isfahan, Samarra, Karbala, and Najaf.<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54; Aqa Bozorg Tehrani, *Tabaqat A'lam al-Shi'a (Nuqaba' al-Bashar...)*, 1404 AH, vol. 2, p. 593.</ref> His political activities included siding with Muhammad Hasan Shirazi in the Tobacco Protest,<ref>Sayyid Razi Shirazi, *Hamaseh-ye Fatwa*, special issue of Jomhouri-e Eslami newspaper.</ref> collaborating with [[Akhund <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Khurasani|Muhammad Kazim </ins>Khurasani]] and Abdullah Mazandarani in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution,<ref>Haeri, *Tashayyu' va Mashrutiyyat*, 1985, pp. 156-157.</ref> and also declaring jihad against the British in Iraq alongside [[Sayyid Abu al-Hasan al-Isfahani]].<ref>Na'ini, *Tanbih al-Ummah wa Tanzih al-Millah*, p. 16; Haeri, *Tashayyu' va Mashrutiyyat*, 1985, pp. 175-178.</ref> After Mohammad-Taqi Shirazi, Na'ini became one of the Shia Marja's along with Sayyid Abu al-Hasan al-Isfahani.<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54.</ref> He passed away in 1355 AH at the age of 82 in Najaf and was buried in the shrine of Imam Ali (a).<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54.</ref></div></td></tr>
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</table>Sarfipourhttps://ency.feqhemoaser.com/en/index.php?title=Mirza_Mohammad-Hossein_Gharavi_Na%27ini&diff=1317&oldid=prevSarfipour at 17:55, 16 December 20252025-12-16T17:55:11Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Introduction and Biography ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Introduction and Biography ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mohammad-Hossein Gharavi Na'ini, known as Mirza Na'ini, was a Shia jurist and Marja' in the 14th century AH and one of the clerical supporters of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution.<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54.</ref> He was born in the city of Na'in into a clerical family and studied under scholars such as Jahangir Khan Qashqa'i, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mirza </del>Shirazi, and [[Akhund Khurasani]] in the cities of Isfahan, Samarra, Karbala, and Najaf.<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54; Aqa Bozorg Tehrani, *Tabaqat A'lam al-Shi'a (Nuqaba' al-Bashar...)*, 1404 AH, vol. 2, p. 593.</ref> His political activities included siding with <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mirza </del>Shirazi in the Tobacco Protest,<ref>Sayyid Razi Shirazi, *Hamaseh-ye Fatwa*, special issue of Jomhouri-e Eslami newspaper.</ref> collaborating with [[Akhund Khurasani]] and Abdullah Mazandarani in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution,<ref>Haeri, *Tashayyu' va Mashrutiyyat*, 1985, pp. 156-157.</ref> and also declaring jihad against the British in Iraq alongside [[Sayyid Abu al-Hasan al-Isfahani]].<ref>Na'ini, *Tanbih al-Ummah wa Tanzih al-Millah*, p. 16; Haeri, *Tashayyu' va Mashrutiyyat*, 1985, pp. 175-178.</ref> After Mohammad-Taqi Shirazi, Na'ini became one of the Shia Marja's along with Sayyid Abu al-Hasan al-Isfahani.<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54.</ref> He passed away in 1355 AH at the age of 82 in Najaf and was buried in the shrine of Imam Ali (a).<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mohammad-Hossein Gharavi Na'ini, known as Mirza Na'ini, was a Shia jurist and Marja' in the 14th century AH and one of the clerical supporters of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution.<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54.</ref> He was born in the city of Na'in into a clerical family and studied under scholars such as Jahangir Khan Qashqa'i, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Muhammad Hasan </ins>Shirazi, and [[Akhund Khurasani]] in the cities of Isfahan, Samarra, Karbala, and Najaf.<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54; Aqa Bozorg Tehrani, *Tabaqat A'lam al-Shi'a (Nuqaba' al-Bashar...)*, 1404 AH, vol. 2, p. 593.</ref> His political activities included siding with <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Muhammad Hasan </ins>Shirazi in the Tobacco Protest,<ref>Sayyid Razi Shirazi, *Hamaseh-ye Fatwa*, special issue of Jomhouri-e Eslami newspaper.</ref> collaborating with [[Akhund Khurasani]] and Abdullah Mazandarani in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution,<ref>Haeri, *Tashayyu' va Mashrutiyyat*, 1985, pp. 156-157.</ref> and also declaring jihad against the British in Iraq alongside [[Sayyid Abu al-Hasan al-Isfahani]].<ref>Na'ini, *Tanbih al-Ummah wa Tanzih al-Millah*, p. 16; Haeri, *Tashayyu' va Mashrutiyyat*, 1985, pp. 175-178.</ref> After Mohammad-Taqi Shirazi, Na'ini became one of the Shia Marja's along with Sayyid Abu al-Hasan al-Isfahani.<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54.</ref> He passed away in 1355 AH at the age of 82 in Najaf and was buried in the shrine of Imam Ali (a).<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54.</ref></div></td></tr>
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</table>Sarfipourhttps://ency.feqhemoaser.com/en/index.php?title=Mirza_Mohammad-Hossein_Gharavi_Na%27ini&diff=1316&oldid=prevSarfipour at 17:54, 16 December 20252025-12-16T17:54:47Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:54, 16 December 2025</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Introduction and Biography ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Introduction and Biography ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mohammad-Hossein Gharavi Na'ini, known as Mirza Na'ini, was a Shia jurist and Marja' in the 14th century AH and one of the clerical supporters of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution.<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54.</ref> He was born in the city of Na'in into a clerical family and studied under scholars such as Jahangir Khan <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Qashqai</del>, Mirza Shirazi, and [[Akhund Khurasani]] in the cities of Isfahan, Samarra, Karbala, and Najaf.<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54; Aqa Bozorg Tehrani, *Tabaqat A'lam al-Shi'a (Nuqaba' al-Bashar...)*, 1404 AH, vol. 2, p. 593.</ref> His political activities included siding with Mirza Shirazi in the Tobacco Protest,<ref>Sayyid Razi Shirazi, *Hamaseh-ye Fatwa*, special issue of Jomhouri-e Eslami newspaper.</ref> collaborating with [[Akhund Khurasani]] and Abdullah Mazandarani in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution,<ref>Haeri, *Tashayyu' va Mashrutiyyat*, 1985, pp. 156-157.</ref> and also declaring jihad against the British in Iraq alongside [[Sayyid Abu al-Hasan al-Isfahani]].<ref>Na'ini, *Tanbih al-Ummah wa Tanzih al-Millah*, p. 16; Haeri, *Tashayyu' va Mashrutiyyat*, 1985, pp. 175-178.</ref> After Mohammad-Taqi Shirazi, Na'ini became one of the Shia Marja's along with Sayyid Abu al-Hasan al-Isfahani.<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54.</ref> He passed away in 1355 AH at the age of 82 in Najaf and was buried in the shrine of Imam Ali (a).<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54.</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mohammad-Hossein Gharavi Na'ini, known as Mirza Na'ini, was a Shia jurist and Marja' in the 14th century AH and one of the clerical supporters of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution.<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54.</ref> He was born in the city of Na'in into a clerical family and studied under scholars such as Jahangir Khan <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Qashqa'i</ins>, Mirza Shirazi, and [[Akhund Khurasani]] in the cities of Isfahan, Samarra, Karbala, and Najaf.<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54; Aqa Bozorg Tehrani, *Tabaqat A'lam al-Shi'a (Nuqaba' al-Bashar...)*, 1404 AH, vol. 2, p. 593.</ref> His political activities included siding with Mirza Shirazi in the Tobacco Protest,<ref>Sayyid Razi Shirazi, *Hamaseh-ye Fatwa*, special issue of Jomhouri-e Eslami newspaper.</ref> collaborating with [[Akhund Khurasani]] and Abdullah Mazandarani in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution,<ref>Haeri, *Tashayyu' va Mashrutiyyat*, 1985, pp. 156-157.</ref> and also declaring jihad against the British in Iraq alongside [[Sayyid Abu al-Hasan al-Isfahani]].<ref>Na'ini, *Tanbih al-Ummah wa Tanzih al-Millah*, p. 16; Haeri, *Tashayyu' va Mashrutiyyat*, 1985, pp. 175-178.</ref> After Mohammad-Taqi Shirazi, Na'ini became one of the Shia Marja's along with Sayyid Abu al-Hasan al-Isfahani.<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54.</ref> He passed away in 1355 AH at the age of 82 in Najaf and was buried in the shrine of Imam Ali (a).<ref>Amin, *A'yan al-Shi'a*, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 54.</ref></div></td></tr>
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</table>Sarfipour