Sculpture

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4. Narrations exclusively emphasizing the prohibition of crafting sculptures of living beings. An example is an authentic narration from Imam Sadiq (AS), allowing the creation of images or sculptures only for non-living entities like trees, the sun, the moon, and similar objects<ref>Rouhani, Fiqh al-Sadiq, Vol. 14, p. 221; Hur Ameli, Wasa'il al-Shi'a, Vol. 17, p. 296.</ref>.

In the same vein, Sayyid Ruhollah Khomeini has enumerated another category of narrations. Given the necessity of observing the proportionality of the legal ruling to the subject, he asserts that prohibitions on sculptures or statues apply only to cases where they are used for worship<ref>33. Khomeini, Al-Makasib al-Muharramah, Vol. 1, p. 169.</ref>. For instance, narrations that label sculpting as one of the heinous acts, mention severe punishments for the perpetrator<ref>34. Nouri, Mustadrak al-Wasail, Vol. 13, p. 210.</ref>. According to Ayatollah Khomeini, the promised punishments in these narrations are so severe that they do not align with merely sculpting or painting. ~~Sculpting~~, in terms of ~~the intensity~~ of ~~its~~ reprehensibility, is not ~~higher than~~ major sins such as unjust killing ~~and~~ sodomy ~~These~~ narrations~~, according~~ to ~~Ayatollah Khomeini, consider sculpture creation a heinous act deserving severe punishments~~, ~~but the severity is~~ not ~~equivalent~~ to ~~major sins like unjust killing, homosexuality, etc~~. Therefore, he concludes that the prohibitions in this category of narrations specifically target sculptures used as idols for worship<ref>Khomeini, Al-Makasib al-Muharramah, Vol. 1, p. 169.</ref>.

In the same vein, Sayyid Ruhollah Khomeini has enumerated another category of narrations. Given the necessity of observing the proportionality of the legal ruling to the subject, he asserts that prohibitions on sculptures or statues apply only to cases where they are used for worship<ref>33. Khomeini, Al-Makasib al-Muharramah, Vol. 1, p. 169.</ref>. For instance, narrations that label sculpting as one of the heinous acts, mention severe punishments for the perpetrator<ref>34. Nouri, Mustadrak al-Wasail, Vol. 13, p. 210.</ref>. According to Ayatollah Khomeini, the promised punishments in these narrations are so severe that they do not align with merely sculpting or painting. ''According to Ayatollah Khomeini, the severe punishments promised in these narrations are disproportionate to the mere act of sculpting. He argues that sculpting, in terms of its level of reprehensibility, does not reach the severity of major sins such as unjust killing or sodomy. Therefore, he concludes that these narrations must specifically refer to sculptures used as idols for worship, not to all forms of sculpting''. Therefore, he concludes that the prohibitions in this category of narrations specifically target sculptures used as idols for worship<ref>Khomeini, Al-Makasib al-Muharramah, Vol. 1, p. 169.</ref>.

==== Consensus Among Jurists and its Critique ====

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 .	Narrations exclusively emphasizing the prohibition of crafting sculptures of living beings. An example is an authentic narration from Imam Sadiq (AS), allowing the creation of images or sculptures only for non-living entities like trees, the sun, the moon, and similar objects<ref>Rouhani, Fiqh al-Sadiq, Vol. 14, p. 221; Hur Ameli, Wasa'il al-Shi'a, Vol. 17, p. 296.</ref>.
-In the same vein, Sayyid Ruhollah Khomeini has enumerated another category of narrations. Given the necessity of observing the proportionality of the legal ruling to the subject, he asserts that prohibitions on sculptures or statues apply only to cases where they are used for worship<ref>33.	Khomeini, Al-Makasib al-Muharramah, Vol. 1, p. 169.</ref>. For instance, narrations that label sculpting as one of the heinous acts, mention severe punishments for the perpetrator<ref>34.	Nouri, Mustadrak al-Wasail, Vol. 13, p. 210.</ref>. According to Ayatollah Khomeini, the promised punishments in these narrations are so severe that they do not align with merely sculpting or painting. Sculpting, in terms of the intensity of its reprehensibility, is not higher than major sins such as unjust killing and sodomy These narrations, according to Ayatollah Khomeini, consider sculpture creation a heinous act deserving severe punishments, but the severity is not equivalent to major sins like unjust killing, homosexuality, etc. Therefore, he concludes that the prohibitions in this category of narrations specifically target sculptures used as idols for worship<ref>Khomeini, Al-Makasib al-Muharramah, Vol. 1, p. 169.</ref>.
+In the same vein, Sayyid Ruhollah Khomeini has enumerated another category of narrations. Given the necessity of observing the proportionality of the legal ruling to the subject, he asserts that prohibitions on sculptures or statues apply only to cases where they are used for worship<ref>33.	Khomeini, Al-Makasib al-Muharramah, Vol. 1, p. 169.</ref>. For instance, narrations that label sculpting as one of the heinous acts, mention severe punishments for the perpetrator<ref>34.	Nouri, Mustadrak al-Wasail, Vol. 13, p. 210.</ref>. According to Ayatollah Khomeini, the promised punishments in these narrations are so severe that they do not align with merely sculpting or painting. ''According to Ayatollah Khomeini, the severe punishments promised in these narrations are disproportionate to the mere act of sculpting. He argues that sculpting, in terms of its level of reprehensibility, does not reach the severity of major sins such as unjust killing or sodomy. Therefore, he concludes that these narrations must specifically refer to sculptures used as idols for worship, not to all forms of sculpting''. Therefore, he concludes that the prohibitions in this category of narrations specifically target sculptures used as idols for worship<ref>Khomeini, Al-Makasib al-Muharramah, Vol. 1, p. 169.</ref>.
 ==== Consensus Among Jurists and its Critique ====

Sculpture: Difference between revisions